Direct electrodeposition of adherent ultra-thin polypyrrole films on minimally pretreated silicon for localized biofunctionalization

Ultrathin polypyrrole films were electropolymerized directly onto native or minimally treated silicon in a single step. Film thickness, morphology, and oxidation state were tuned by varying pretreatment, deposition and post-treatment conditions. The method supports localized electrospotting in microliter volumes for multiplexed biofunctionalization and could be adapted in the future to biosensing and micro/nanofluidics platforms needing surface functionality and charge control.